Ayurveda Ayurveda (Devanagari: आयुर्वेद) or Ayurvedic medicine is an ancient system of health care that is native to the Indian subcontinent. It is presently in daily use by millions of people in India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. The word "Ayurveda" is a tatpurusha compound of the word āyus meaning "life", "life principle", or "long life" and the word veda, which refers to a system of "knowledge". Thus "Ayurveda" roughly translates as the "knowledge of life", "knowledge of a long life" or even "science of life". According to Charaka Samhita, "life" itself is defined as the "combination of the body, sense organs, mind and soul, the factor responsible for preventing decay and death, which sustains the body over time, and guides the processes of rebirth" [1][2] According to this perspective, Ayurveda is concerned with measures to protect "ayus", which includes healthy living along with therapeutic measures that relate to physical, mental, social and spiritual harmony. Ayurveda is also one among the few traditional systems of medicine to contain a sophisticated system of surgery (which is referred to as "salya-chikitsa").
Contents
1 Overview 2 Eight Branches (Ashtanga) of Ayurveda 3 History 3.1 Ayurveda & Purana 3.2 Historical evidence 4 Development 4.1 Gurukul system of Ayurveda 5 Tridosha system 6 Ayurvedic tastes 7 Medications 8 Panchakarma and Ayurvedic massage 9 Current status 9.1 Ayurvedic institutions and practitioners 9.2 Practice in the West 10 Criticisms 10.1 Scientific studies and standards 10.2 Safety concerns 10.3 "Miracle Cures"
Overview
According to the Ayurvedavatarana (the "descent of Ayurveda"), the origin of Ayurveda is stated to be a divine revelation of the ancient Indian creator God Lord Brahma[3] as he awoke to recreate the universe. This knowledge was passed directly to Daksha Prajapati in the form of shloka sung by Lord Brahma.[4], and this was in turn passed down through a successive chain of deities to Lord Indra, the protector of dharma. According to this account, the first human exponent of Ayurveda was Bharadvaja, who learned it directly from Indra. Bharadvaja in turn taught Ayurveda to a group of assembled sages, who then passed down different aspects of this knowledge to their students. According to tradition, Ayurveda was first described in text form by Agnivesha, in his book the Agnivesh tantra. The book was later redacted by Charaka, and became known as the Charaka Samhitā.[5] Another early text of Ayurveda is the Sushruta Samhitā, which was compiled by Sushrut, the primary pupil of Dhanvantri, sometime around 1000 BCE. Sushrut is known as the Father of Surgery, and in the Sushrut Samhita, the teachings and surgical techniques of Dhanvantri are compiled and complemented with additional findings and observations of Sushrut regarding topics ranging from obstetrics and orthopedics to ophthalmology. Sushrut Samhita together with Charaka Samhitā, served as the textual material within the ancient Universities of Takshashila and Nalanda.[6] These texts are believed to have been written around the beginning of the Common Era, and are based on a holistic approach rooted in the philosophy of the Vedas and Vedic culture. Holism is central to ayurvedic philosophy and elements of holism is found in several aspects of ayurveda.[7]

Eight Branches (Ashtanga) of Ayurveda
Internal medicine - Kayachikitsa Surgery - Shalya Tantra Ears, eyes, nose and throat - Shalakya tantra Pediatrics - Kaumarabhritya Tantra Toxicology - Agada Tantra Purification of the genetic organs - Bajikarana (or Vajikarana) Tantra Health and Longevity - Rasayana Tantra Spiritual Healing/Psychiatry - Bhuta Vidya See also: The Eight Armed Ayurveda
History
There is a concept that has been passing down verbally from generation to generation in India about the origin of Ayurveda. Accordingly, the ancient "Rishis" or wise men of India gathered at the foot of the Himalayas. Their objective was to innovate together the secret of leading a healthy, long life. The final product of their effort came to be known as Ayurveda or the "science of life".
A statue of the Hindu God, Brahma. Hinduism believes in the divine origin of Ayurveda Dhanvantari, the God of Ayurveda Nagarjuna, a follower of Buddha, was a well known herbologist, known for inventing various new drugs for the treatment of ailmentsDocumented references to the precise timing of the origins of Ayurveda are not available. The age of Ayurveda has been established on the basis of correlating the evidence with other disciplines as well as circumstantial evidence. Ayurveda is said to have been first compiled as a text by Agnivesha, in his book Agnivesh tantra, which was written during Vedic times.[citation needed] The book was later revised by Charaka, and renamed to Charaka Samhitā (encyclopedia of the physician Charaka).[8] Other early texts of Ayurveda include the Charaka Samhitā and the Sushruta Samhitā[6] The system was orally transferred via the Gurukul system until a script came into existence.
The earliest scripts would have been written on perishable materials such as Taalpatra and Bhojapatra, which could not be readily preserved.[citation needed] The script was later written on stone and copper sheets.[citation needed] Verses dealing with Ayurveda are included in the Atharvaveda, which implies that some form of Ayurveda is as old as the Vedas.[citation needed] Ayurvedic practices have also evolved over time, and some practices may be considered innovations upon earlier Vedic practices, such as the advances made during the Buddhist period in India.[citation needed]
Hinduism attributes the genesis of Ayurveda to several theories in which the knowledge is believed to have been passed on from being to being, initially, through its realization by the divine sages, and gradually into the human sphere by a complex system of mnemonics. Details of Ayurvedic traditions vary between writers, as is expected when oral traditions are transcribed from multiple sources. The earliest authors of Ayurvedic manuscripts recorded divergent forms of the tradition.
Ayurveda & Purana
In Mahabharata it is stated that lord Krishna had a son Samb. He was suffering from leprosy. That's why Krishna called special Brahmin's of shakdvipa (believed that present Iran). They were sun worshipers and famous astronomer. They treated Samb and freed him from leprosy. Shakdvipiya brahmin originated from those shakdvipa origin brahmins and also called magi brahmin. Sakaldwipya are specialized in ayurveda (old indian method of treatment) and astronomy, astrology and Sakaldwipiya are sun worshiper so called Saura . The most detailed account of the origin of Śākadvīpīs or Bhojakas occurs in Bhavishya Purana (chapter 133)[9][10]Further they played a great role in ayrveda. The founder of modern Ayurveda Charaka was a Maga or Sakaldwipiya
Historical evidence
The history of indigenous Indian medical science is probably as old as the Indus Valley Civilisation dating back to 3000 BC. The meticulously planned cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro are pointers not only to India’s rich cultural heritage but also to its advanced systems of hygiene and health care. The remains of deer antler and bitumen found in Harappa testify to the existence of a medical science. It was between 1200 and 700 BC, that the four sacred Vedas were composed. References to diseases, herbs and herbal cures can be seen in all the four Vedas especially in the Rig Veda.
The Atharva Veda has many hymns eulogizing herbs. Many plants were worshipped as deities and invoked by incantations. There were also many Mantras (invocations) to combat jaundice, consumption and hereditary diseases among others. The Atharvan hymns chanted for the cure of diseases were known as Bhaishajyams and those for attaining longevity and prosperity were called Ayushyams. These hymns, especially the Ayushyams are considered to be the foundation for advances in later medicine.
Development
Ayurvedic practice was flourishing during the time of Buddha (around 520 BC) , and in this period the Ayurvedic practitioners were commonly using Mercuric-sulphur combination based medicines.[11] In this period mercury, sulphur and other metals were used in conjunction with herbs to prepare the different medications.[citation needed] An important Ayurvedic practitioner of this period was Nagarjuna, a Buddhist herbologist, famous for inventing various new drugs for the treatment of ailments.[citation needed] Nagarjuna was accompanied by Surananda, Nagbodhi, Yashodhana, Nityanatha, Govinda, Anantdev, Vagbhatta etc. The knowledge of Ayurveda progressed a lot during this period, including development of newer and more effective medicines, and is therefore termed as the Golden Period of Ayurveda.[citation needed]
After emerging victorious at the Kalinga War, Emperor Ashoka (304 BC-232 BC) influenced by the Buddhist teachings, banned any bloodshed in his kingdom in 250 BC. Therefore many Ayurveda practitioners, who were practicing surgery along with medicine, left the surgical intervention and adopted totally new medicinal treatments. In this period, Ayurveda again evolved and flourished with the invention of new drugs, new methodology and new innovations. The practice of the accompanying surgery slowly died out during this period.[citation needed]
During the regime of Chandragupta Maurya (375-415 AD), Ayurveda was part of mainstream Indian medical techniques, and continued to be so until the colonisation by the British.
Chakrapani Dutta (DuttaSharma) was a Vaid Brahman of Bengal who wrote books on Ayurveda such as "Chakradutta" and others. Chakrapani Dutta was the Rajavaidya of Great King Laxman Sen {some says rajVaid of King Nayapala (1038 - 1055)}. It is believed by some practitioners that Chakradutta is the essence of Ayurveda.
Ayurveda has always been preserved by the people of India as a traditional "science of life", despite increasing adoption of European medical techniques during the time of British rule. For several decades the reputation and skills of the various Ayurvedic schools declined markedly as Western medicine and Western-style hospitals were built. However, beginning in the 1970s, a gradual recognition of the value of Ayurveda returned, and today Ayurvedic hospitals and practitioners are flourishing throughout all of India. As well, the production and marketing of Ayurvedic herbal medicines has dramatically increased, as well as scientific documentation of benefits[citation needed]. Today, Ayurvedic medicines are available throughout the world.
Gurukul system of Ayurveda
In the earlier days of its conception, the system of Ayurvedic medicine was orally transferred via the Gurukul system until a written script came into existence.
In this system, the Guru gave a solemn address where he directed the students to a life of chastity, honesty, and vegetarianism. The student was to strive with all his being to heal the sick. He was not to betray patients for his own advantage. He was required to dress modestly and avoid alcohol or drugs. He was to be collected and self-controlled, measured in speech at all times. He was to constantly improve his knowledge and technical skill. At the patient's home, he was to be courteous and modest, directing all attention to the patient's welfare. He was not to divulge any knowledge about the patient and his family. If the patient was incurable, he was to keep this to himself if it was likely to harm the patient or others.
The normal length of the student's training appears to have been seven years. Before graduation, the student was to pass a test. But the physician was to continue to learn through texts, direct observation (pratyaksha), and through inference (anumāna). In addition, the vaidyas attended meetings where knowledge was exchanged. The practitioners also gained knowledge of unusual remedies from laypeople who were outside the huffsteter community such as hillsmen, herdsmen, and forest-dwellers.
Tridosha system
The central concept of Ayurvedic medicine is the theory that health exists when there is a balance between three fundamental bodily humours or doshas called Vata, Pitta and Kapha.
Vata is the impulse principle necessary to mobilize the function of the nervous system Pitta is the energy principle which uses bile to direct digestion and hence metabolism into the venous system. Kapha is the body fluid principle which relates to mucous, lubrication and the carrier of nutrients into the arterial system. All Ayurvedic physicians believe that these ancient ideas, based in the knowledge discovered by the Rishis and Munis, exist in harmony with physical reality. These Ayurvedic concepts allow physicians to examine the homeostasis of the whole system. People may be of a predominant dosha or constitution, but all doshas have the basic elements within them.
The philosophy of Ayurveda
The emergence of different schools of Sanskrit philosophy like Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga, Vedanta and Mimamsa was another landmark in the history of Indian medicine. The principles expounded in these philosophies facilitated the development within Ayurveda of its theory of humoral pathology which propounds that the human body is composed of Tridoshas, the three humors – Vata, Pitta and Kapha. When these are in equilibrium they are called the Tridhatus. The body in which these three humors are in a state of equilibrium enjoys perfect health; their disequilibrium causes ill health.
Disease management in Ayurveda
The principles of Ayurvedic pharmacology are fundamentally different from those of other systems of medicine, especially evidence-based medicine. Most Ayurvedic medicines are prepared from herbs.
Shamana and Shodhana are the two concepts of disease management in Ayurveda. Shamana means alleviation. Shamana methods mitigate the disease and its symptoms. Shodhana means elimination and Shodhana methods aim at the elimination of the basic cause of disease.
Ayurvedic tastes
Ayurveda holds that the tastes of foods or herbs have specific physiological effects. Those tastes that transform after digestion (Vipaka) are more powerful.
Sweet (Madhura) - Sweet foods nourish, cool, moisten, oil, and increase weight Sour (Amla) - Sour foods warm, oil, and increase weight Salty (Lavan) - Salty foods warm, dissolve, stimulate, soften, oil, and increase weight Bitter (Katu) - Bitter foods cool, dry, purify and decrease weight Pungent (Tikta) - Pungent foods warm, dry, stimulate, and decrease weight Astringent (Kasaya) - Astringent foods cool, dry, reduce stickiness.
Medications Ayurvedic practitioners believe that the tulsi (holy basil) plant has medicinal qualitiesAyurveda operates on the precept that various materials of vegetable, animal, and mineral origin have some medicinal value. The medicinal properties of these materials have been documented by the practitioners and have been used for centuries to cure illness and/or help maintain good health. Ayurvedic medicaments are made from herbs or mixtures of herbs, either alone or in combination with minerals, metals and other ingredients of animal origin. The metals, animals and minerals are purified by individual processes before being used for medicinal purposes.
Writers and compilers of Ayurvedic literature such as Charaka, Sushruta, Vagabhatta, Bhav Mishra, Shaligram and others have written about the qualities, characteristics and medicinal uses of the herbs, mineral, metals, chemicals, animal parts, cooked food articles, natural foods, fruits etc. Among them, the Bhav Prakash Nighantu, written by Bhav Mishra, is known for its detail .The composition of the Nighantu part (Ayurvedic Materia Medica) of the Bhav Prakash is part of the classical book. The details of the medicinal herbs are given according to the nature, effects, and curative properties as observed by the Ayurvedic practitioners.
Ayurvedic literature has been written by several authors in languages such as Sanskrit, Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and more recently, in English.The Shaligram Nighantu was written in Sanskrit. The Banaushadhi Chandrodaya was written in Hindi.The Indian Materia Medica was written in English.
panchakarma and Ayurvedic massage
Panchakarma (the five actions or modalities) is a collection of purification techniques that Ayurveda prescribes for some diseases and for periodic cleansing. A course of Pancharkarma typically includes a short-term dietary prescription, massage, herbs, and may include purgatives, sweat baths, medicated enemas, and nasal cleansing.
Ayurvedic massage is a form of treatment for various age related and other common disorders. Some of the advantages which can be cited are pain relief, improved circulation, stress relief, better sleep, flexibility, athletic performance and emotional benefits[citation needed]. Massage therapy can soothe pain, relax stiff muscles, and reduce the swelling that accompanies arthritis[citation needed]. Advocates claim that, with ayurvedic massage, deep-seated toxins in the joints and tissues are loosened and released into the system for elimination through natural toxin-release processes.[12]. There are several different types of ayurvedic treatments such as panchakarma, marma massage and abhyangam.[13] Ayurvedic massage is especially developed in Sri Lanka and the Indian state of Kerala.
Current status
It has been suggested that Research and innovations in Ayurveda be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)
In the early 20th century, Ayurvedic physicians began to organize into professional associations and to promote their case for national recognition and funding.[citation needed] This began to become a reality after Indian independence in 1947.[citation needed]
Ayurveda is now a statutory, recognised medical system of health care like other medical systems existing in India. The Central Council of Indian Medicine {CCIM} governs and recommends policies for the research and development of the system. An Encyclopedia on Ayurveda - Ayushveda.com[2] has been developed to promote the knowledge of Ayurveda worldwide.
In India, practitioners in Ayurveda undergo 5 and 1/2 years of training including 1 year of internship in select Ayurveda Medical Schools wherein they earn the professional doctorate degree of Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery[B.A.M.S.]. A Bachelor's degree with a major in Science [Physics, Chemistry, Biology] and a minor in Sanskrit is desirable for candidates interested in taking up the course.
Select institutions like the Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, offer higher doctorates and postgraduate training such as MD [Ayurveda] which includes a 3 year residency and a dissertation similar to the MD/MS degrees in modern systems of medicine.
Ayurvedic institutions and practitioners
Ayurvedic practitioners have been appointed as Honorary Ayurvedic Physician to the President of India. Every year on the occasion of Dhanvantari jayanti, a prestigious Dhanvantari Award is conferred on a famous personality of Medical Sciences including Ayurveda. Traditionally Kerala has been the leading state in India that promoted Ayurveda as a medical system, because there existed about 18 families known as 'Ashtavaidyas' who practised ayurveda generation after generation. Even now a few number of these families exist (Pulamanthole Mooss, Thaikkattu mooss,Vayaskara Mooss, Alathur Nambi, Vaidyamadhom, etc.).They taught the ayurveda system of treatment to several people and it spread through them. It led to the establishment of Ayurveda colleges and also inspired research activities in Ayurveda. Now there are many Ayurvedic centers (known as Vaidya shalas) all over Kerala, and, of late, several Ayurveda colleges also have come up. One such dominant company is Kerala Ayurveda Limited founded on the banks of river Periyar at Aluva, Kochi, Kerala. Today Kerala Ayurveda Limited is a major force in health care, growing at a spectacular rate - with new clinics, new market strategies, new products, and new cures. Some of KAL's products are on the verge of being patented. KAL is truly on a mission to be the number one choice in Ayurveda globally.Besides Kerala, others also promoting Ayurveda are Gujarat, Maharastra, and Karnataka.
Practice in the West
As a result of regulations in medical practice in Europe and America, the most commonly practiced Ayurvedic treatments in the west are massage and dietary and herbal advice. Psychiatrist Frank John Ninivaggi, M. D. of Yale University School of Medicine has recently outlined the principles of Ayurveda, specifically for Western health practitioners.[14]
In the United States, the National Institute of Ayurvedic Medicine (established by Scott Gerson) is an example of a research institute that has carried out research into Ayurvedic practices.[15] Gerson has published part of his work on the antifungal activities of certain Ayurvedic plants in medical journals.[16]
Several Pharmaceutical companies and Academic Institutions in the west have come into conflict with Indian academic institutions and traditional Ayurvedic practitioners over the intellectual property rights of herbal products researched by the western agencies. The Ayurvedic practitioners have known about the efficacy of such products for centuries and so contend that they carry precedence with regards to patent rights on such products.
In December 1993, the University of Mississippi Medical Center had a patent issued to them by U.S patents and trademarks office on the use of turmeric (U.S. patent No. 5,401,504) for healing. The patent was contested by India's industrial research organization, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (C.S.I.R), on the grounds that traditional Ayurvedic practitioners were already aware of the healing properties of the substance and have been for centuries, making this patent a case of bio-piracy.[17]
After a complex legal battle, the U.S. Patents and Trademarks Office ruled on August 14, 1997 that the patent was invalid because it was not a novel invention, giving the intellectual property rights to the principle back to the traditional practitioners of Ayurveda. R. A. Mashelkar, director-general of the CSIR, was satisfied with the result, saying:
"This success will enhance the confidence of the people and help remove fears about India's helplessness on preventing bio-piracy and appropriation of inventions based on traditional knowledge[17]"
The turmeric patent was just one of the hundreds that the several academic organizations and Pharmecutical companies in the west have claimed by ignoring Ayurvedic knowledge. Vandana Shiva, a global campaigner for a fair and honest Intellectual Property Rights system, says patents on herbal products derived from Neem, Amla, Jar Amla, Anar ("Pomegranate"), Salai, Dudhi ("Calabash"), Gulmendhi, Bagbherenda, Karela, Erand, Rangoon-kibel, Vilayetishisham and Chamkura also need to be revoked.[17]
Seven American and four Japanese firms have filed for grant of patents on formulations containing extracts of the herb Ashwagandha. Fruits, leaves and seeds of the Indian medicinal plant withania somnifera have been traditionally used for the Ayurvedic system as aphrodisiacs, diuretics and for treating memory loss. The Japanese patent applications are related to the use of the herb as a skin ointment and for promoting reproductive fertility. The U.S based company Natreon has also obtained a patent for an Ashwagandha extract. Another US establishment, the New England Deaconess Hospital, has taken a patent on an Ashwagandha formulation claimed to alleviate symptoms associated with arthritis. It is clear that the Ashwagandha plant is catching the attention of scientists and more patents related to Ashwagandha are being filed or granted by different patent offices since 1996.[18]
Ayurvedic wisdom originated in the main Vedas as a part of way of life - a spiritual connection with spirit and nature. This is most evident reading Atharva Veda. Ayurveda was used to remove obstacles on one’s path to Self-Realization. At some point the medical aspects began to take priority over the spiritual forms of healing (ie, focusing on lifestyle, dharma and moksha. Today, these spiritual aspects of Ayurveda have taken a back seat to the medical focus. As Ayurveda becomes a more commercially viable career, the spiritual aspects may continue to lose ground. Yet there are a growing number of practitioners who practice mainly these spiritual therapies and find better results than limiting their approach to the medical, physical realm.
Criticisms
Scientific studies and standards
Critics object to the lack of rigorous scientific studies and clinical trials of many ayurvedic products. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine states that "most clinical trials of Ayurvedic approaches have been small, had problems with research designs, lacked appropriate control groups, or had other issues that affected how meaningful the results were."[19]
In India, scientific research in Ayurveda is largely undertaken by the statutory body of the Central Government, the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS), through a national network of research institutes.[20] A large number of non-governmental organisations are also conducting research work on different aspects of Ayurveda[21]. However, "even staunch advocates of Ayurveda like cardiologist Dr. M.S. Valiathan...admit that 'clinical studies that would satisfy the liberal criteria of WHO World Health Organisation have been alarmingly few from India, in spite of patients crowding in Ayurvedic hospitals"'.[19]
Safety concerns
There is evidence that using some ayurvedic medicine, especially those involving herbs, metals, minerals, or other materials involves potentially serious risks, including toxicity.
A research study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association[24] found significant levels of toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic in 20% of Ayurvedic preparations that were made in South Asia for sale in America. The Journal found that, if taken according to the manufacturers' instructions, this 20% of remedies "could result in heavy metal intakes above published regulatory standards"[24] Similar studies have been performed in India, and have confirmed these results. Cases of metal toxicity from use of ayurvedic medicines are well known.[25] Some practitioners claimed that "heavy metals are integral to some formulations and have been used for centuries. There is no point of doing trials as they have been used safely and have mention in our ancient texts."[25]
There is a technique of detoxification applied to heavy metals and toxic herbs called samskaras, which is similar to the Chinese pao zhi although the Ayurvedic technique is more complex and may involve prayers as well as physical pharmacy techniques.[26]
The described detoxification is a simple chemical process which involves four successive rounds of boiling the crude root in cow's urine (twice) and cow's milk (twice). This process is claimed to chemically modify both toxic and proposed therapeutic components of the root. It also extracts some of these compounds from the root into the boiling solvents, thereby decreasing their concentration in the final product.
Miracle Cures"
Most critics also question the safety of those Ayurvedic drugs that are said to provide "Miracle Cures" because "miracles" are more probably subject to theological rather than scientific inquiry.

Ayurveda- Definition
The word ayurveda has been coined by the conjunction of two Sanskrit words, "ayur" meaning life and "Veda" meaning knowledge. The word together means the knowledge of life. In ayurveda the process of ayur (life) is considered as a combined state of body (sharira), senses (indriya), psyche (mana) and soul (atma). Among these the visible body is made of panchamahabhoota and is called sthoola sharir whereas the sense, psyche and soul are invisible and thus are called sukshma sharir or linga sharir. Ayurveda not only consists of natural scientific methodology of medication but also provides the way of life. During the course of time Ayurveda, the way of life and its knowledge became the science of life, which has its root in ancient Vedic literature and encompasses our entire life, the body, mind and spirit. PunarjanmaIt is believed that death takes away the sukshma sharir to the heavenly abode leaving behind the sthoola sharir that decomposes back to its constituent elements, the panchamahabhoota. The sukshma sharir takes rebirth (punarjanma) until it attains moksha. The splitting of the sukshma sharir into indriya, mana and atma after it attains salvation (moksha) follows this life and death cycle. Indriya and mana that originate from the nature, surroundings (prakruti) remerge with the same whereas atma, the image of parmatama merges back into it. The other instance that is believed in, is the non- attainment of salvation (moksha) after death. This leads to the combining of the sukshma sharir i.e. the indriya, mana and atma with the new sthoola sharir at the time of shukra shonita sanyoga (fertilization) in the uterus. This combination of sukshma and sthoola sharir occurs in accordance with the karmafala that is to be enjoyed by the new sthoola sharir. The karma (deeds) of the previous sthoola sharir decide the karmafala of the new sthoola sharir. It doesn't always happen that the sukshma sharir combines with species of sthoola sharir same as itself. According to vedic science the sukshma sharir can combine with any of the species among the 8.4 million species that exists. Attainment of moksha is one of the chaturvidh purushartha. (four main objectives of life) and the process of splitting and combining of the sukshma sharir with the sthoola sharir continues till moksha is attained. Atma is comparable to god, the creator and is believed to be the almighty. Once the sukshma sharir and the sthoola sharir have atma attached to it, due to karmafalbandhan all its strength and might is lost and he has to lead this cyclical phase of life according to the karmafala. In ayurveda itself the Sanskrit word ayur has synonyms that possess the same meaning and value as life itself. Few synonyms are: DhariAs the physical properties of the body is sustained (dharna) during life. JeevitaAs the lively activities are carried out. NityagaAs the time of life is continuously spent. AnubandhaAs life is possible with the combination (bandhan) of the sukshma and the sthoola sharir. Charak Sootra 1/41In ayurveda ayu (life) can be classified as:
Sukha AyuThe ayu that leads a healthy life. Person has good health.
Dukkha AyuThe ayu that live a diseased life. The person suffers with some disease all his life.
Hita AyuThe ayu that lives life by serving the society.
Ahita AyuThe ayu that live life in destructive activities. Definition of AyurvedaAyurveda is the science of life that not only deals with Sukha Ayu, Dukkha Ayu, Hita Ayu, Ahita Ayu but also deals with the ways and means to achieve health the path that leads to disease.In all ayurveda deals with quantum of the Ayu, the life.

The writings that relate to Ashtang Ayurveda provide an introductory information of the eight branches of Ayurveda, namely: Surgery (Shalya), ENT with Ophthalmology (Shalakya), Medicine (Kaya), Bhoota, Gynac, Obstretics, Paediatrics (Kaumara), Medical jurisprudence and toxicology (Agada), Gerontology (Rasayan) and Science of Aphrodiasic (Vajikarana).. ShlokaShusrut Sutra 1/6 - 7 Pg. 30 (Ayurveda Hitopadesha) Ayurveda, Upaveda of Atharvaveda, written by Brahma is named as the Brahma Sanhita. It envelops in utself one million shlokas in form of rhymes written in one thousand chapters.Ayurveda was rewritten in the in eight parts popularly known as the ashtang ayurveda due to the decline in the intellectual level and life span of human beings. ShalyaShloka: Ref Shusrut Su. 7/4the word shalya refers to the things that cause discomfort to the body and the mind. Shalya is of two types, namely: shaarir (within the body) and agantuj (outisde the body). The shalya present inside the body is considered as the Shaarir Shalya.. Example: Unhealthy teeth, Hair, Nails, imbalanced doshas, dhatus and mala, abscess, tumor, fetus etc. Whereas agantuj are the shalya presen toutside the body. Example: Thorns, Stone pieces, iron pieces, dust particles, worry etc. Shalya tantra (Surgery): Shloka : Shusru. 1/8It deals with the means such as Yantra (Tools), Shastra (Instruments), Kshara (Alkalies) and Agni (Fire) to remove the shalya in the body by different methods. ShalakyaShloka: Ref Shusrut Su. 1/8It deals with the diseases related to Nose, Ear, Throat and Eyes. Inother words it deals with the disease of Urdhva Jatru region i.e diseases in the organs above the Clavicle (Jatru) and their treatment. Kaya Chikitsa (Medicine/ Therapeutics):Shloka : Shusrut Su. 1/8 it is the branch of Ayurved that deals with internal medicine. The treatment involved is called "Kayachikitsa", where Kaya means "Agni "and Chikitsa means "treatment". It is noteable that the entire Ayurvedic therapeutics is based on this concept of Agni. The concept of Kaya (Agni) is unique and is responsible for bio- transformation. As it is known that energy can neither be created nor it can be destroyed. In human body Kaya provides the necessary energy for all bodily activities. As energy can be changed from one form to another the living body derive energy from the food eaten and breathing air. Biological Kaya transforms this energy to the energy, which is utilized by our cells. In simple words, the vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats etc. eaten are bio transformed by this Kaya to the bodily substances. As long as Kaya is proper all the activities in body are carried out smoothly. Any disturbance in Kaya causes imbalance in the homeostasis (equilibrium) and disturbs physiology which is nothing but the disease. In ayurveda therapeutics devotes to correction and maintenance of biological Kaya through the means of Mantra, Mani and Aushadhi. Keeping in mind all the benefits of ayurveda it must be kept in mind that anything and everything that is herbal can not naturally become Ayurvedic medicine, but only the therapy which considers the above mentioned concepts of Ayurved qualifies to be called as Ayurvedic medicine. Bhoota (Graha)it is the branch of Ayurveda that deals with diseases acquired or inherited from apparently unknown causes. In modern terminology it can be considered as idiopathic diseases in which the exact cause of disease is unknown. According to Ayurveda, diseases are caused by affliction due to Deva, Asura, Gandharva, Yaksha, Rakshasa, Pitara, Pishacha, Naga and other bad demons or evils. The exact patho- physiology of these disorders is to be extensively researched. Bala / Kaumara:it is the branch of ayurveda that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to preconception, childbearing (Pregnancy), childbirth (delivery) and diseases of children (Pediatrics). Rasayana tantrIt is the branch of ayurveda that deals with various aspects of preventive health care. Without rasayana it is possible to gain neither oratory nor the desirable aura. It includes longevity, improved memory, health, youthfulness, glow, complexion, generosity, and strength of body and senses. Rasayana improves the metabolic activities and results in best possible bio- transformation leading to health. Vajikaranait is the branch of ayurveda that deals with the sexual aspects. It includes medications for diseases related with reproduction namely spermatogenesis, aphrodisiacs etc.
Prayojan (aims and objectives)
Shloka Charak Su 30/26the aims and objectives of Ayurveda, the science of life has been beautifully coined in the above shloka. To lead a good life health is priority. Through ayurvedic concepts it is necessary to maintain health and in case of a diseased state gaining back the normal health. Aims and objectives of ayurveda have been divided into two aspects namely:
Swasthasya Swathya Rakshanam (Preventive and Social medicine)
Aturasya Vikar Prashamanam (Therapeutics) These two aspects reflect the unique approach of ayurveda.Therapeutics is not strictly related to dravya chikitsa i.e. treatment with medicines but also to the form of bhava chikitsa i.e. treatment without medicines and in the form of achar rasayan (good conducts both personal as well as social). The two objectives though defined clearly in a concise statement, have been explained in great details in the scripturesThe four chatushtayas that form the basis of a good human life is a unique feature of ayurveda. Following of the chatushtayas it is not only necessary to maintain good health but also to treat a particular disease if inflicted from what so ever caused. Ayurveda has not restricted itself as the path, which treats diseases but being the science of life has covered all the aspects necessary to maintain health and to restore it when inflicted with a disease. Charak has specified in the following shloka chark sutrasthan 5/103 that ignorance is no excuse and we have to take pains to learn and to follow various rules and regulations to remain healthy. These rules and regulations are nothing but guidelines to remain fit, refrain from diseases and lead a healthy life. These guidelines have been mentioned under the topic of swasthavrutta. Despite of all the preventive measures if we suffer from a disease we should be able to known the probable causes of that disease and the probable fallacies on our part in following the rules and regulations put before us in the form of the first objective. Ignorance and fallacies lead to disease and it is here that the second objective of aaturasya vikara prashamana comes into picture

the origin of ayurveda, the word conjugated by "ayu" meaning life and "Veda" meaning knowledge can be traced back to the evolution of civilization. The Indian sages thousands of years ago enscripted their knowledge about life and the fundamentals of ayurveda in the oldest scriptures known to mankind, namely the Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Athrva Veda and Sam Veda.Ayurved is regarded as the Upaveda or sub-scripture of the Yajurveda. This Veda contains abundance of information on how to keep oneself healthy and to combat diseases. Originated as a part of Vedic science, ayurveda is an integral spiritual science devised to give a comprehensive understanding of the entire universe, which it sees as working according to a single law. Ayurveda is the branch of Vedic science, which deals with physical body besides yoga, meditation, astrology, etc. Herbal medicine, dietetics, physiology, surgery, psychology, spirituality etc. are included in ayurveda under Ashtanga Ayurveda. From the ancient enlightened sages and period, Vedic culture ayurveda is the healing gift to mankind. It is believed that the astronomical records in ancient Vedic texts, the Vedic system, including ayurveda, was in practice even before 4000 BC. Hence it is evident that ayurveda was very mature and predominant in India thousands of years ago. Ayurvedic philosophy says that suffering is disease and contentment is good health and no human being is healthy if he does not posses a sound sharira (body), a sound mana (mind) and a sound atma (soul). Ayurveda advises for smallest things of personal hygiene and social conduct and describe the whole way of life, narrates how one should keep healthy. The sages of ayurveda emphasized on the importance of preventive medicine by developing individual's own immune system to fight against all possible infections. Ayurvedic healing has two levels:
One for the layman and self-care
Second for the healer and his practice. The first ones outlines many common and home remedies for different diseases and gives a general constitutional or life-style treatment for health enhancement and disease prevention. It is also believe that it is only when our life- style is out of harmony that more severe disease arise and more specialized and complicated health care becomes necessary. The second level provides some of this specialized ayurvedic medical knowledge and says that more is utilized by a health care professional. Most disease conditions involve physical and spiritual factors and require treatment on both levels. Ayurveda traditionally involves a holistic treatment of the entire human being and its full cosmic nature.According to the Upanishads, the main spiritual teachings of ancient India, disease is the highest form of asceticism (tapas), whereby the truth of life and the truth of one's own self can be revealed. Disease may be a sign of wrong action in life, but it can also be an indication that the soul is directing its energy within. Either way it requires a spiritual re-examination of our lives, particularly if the disease is severe. Hence, self-examination is the first step and fundamental basis of understanding and resolving any disease. Ayurvedic medicines consist of various natural herbs and minerals and are rapidly gaining acceptance all over the world. Ayurveda today is part of a new movement towards a global medicine that includes the best developments from all lands. Trisutra AyurvedaShloka: Cha. Su. 1/24According to Charaka entire Ayurveda is explained in three strings (Trisutra), namely hetusutra, lingasutra and aushadhisutra, which are extremely helpful in maintaining health and treating diseases. Hetusutra: It is the causative factor of disease. Lingasutra: These are the sign and symptoms developed due to the disease. Aushadhisutra: It is the means of treatment.

Medicinal valueIt is a blend of the leaves that is used to treat liver ailments including jaundice, ulcers, diarrhea and skin problems. The leaves are also used as a diuretic. For external purposes it is used as a fomentation for athlete's foot, sores, slow-healing wounds, and insect bites. Religious importanceIt is believed that Agrimony is used for protection form spells, to banish negative energies and spirits. It also reverses spells and reverts them back to the sender. If Agrimony is put under head a deep sleep is caused that continues until it is removed. HabitatMost of the United States and Southern Canada has tremendous growth of Agrimony, which is a perennial and reaches 2 to 3 feet tall. Complete sunshine and average soil is good for its growth. AlfalfaScientific name: Medicago sativaMedicinal valueIt is used for treating anemia, fatigue, kidneys, peptic ulcers, pituitary problems, and for building general health, retaining water in the body, relieving urinary and bowel problems. This herb is effective for the treatment of narcotic and alcohol addiction. Religious importanceIt is believed that if this herb is kept in a container and placed outside home it prevents the house from poverty and hunger. Scattering the ashes of burned alfalfa protects property. HabitatSunshine, regular watering are the necessary conditions for the growth of this 1 to 3 feet tall herb which is not picky about the soil and is cultivated in many parts of the world.. AllspiceScientific name: Pimenta dioicaMedicinal valueIt relieves toothache and is used as a mouth freshener for fresh breath. Religious importanceIt is believed that allspice enhances healing and is used to ask for money and good fortune it is used as a mixture. HabitatIt is derived form a tree that grows Central and South America and the Caribbean. Aloe VeraScientific name: Aloe vera, Aloe spp.Medicinal valueThe gel obtained from the inner part of the aloe leaf is used to treat burns, skin rashes, insect bites, healing wounds by drawing out infection, and preventing infection from starting and chafed nipples from breast-feeding. This gel can also be used internally to keep the bowels functioning smooth. It must be noticed that this medicine when taken internally causes intestinal cramping and there are other herbs that do this job better. This gel is best effective when used fresh rather than "stabilized" gels found in the stores. The fresh gel was used by Cleopatra to keep her skin soft and young. Religious importanceIt is believed that this plant if grown in the kitchen garden prevents burns and mishaps while cooking. It also prevents household accidents and safeguards against evils. It is reported that aloe was used to embalm the body of Christ. HabitatIt is bets to be grown inside home in pots. The climate of South, as in southern Texas or southern Florida is best for the growth of aloe outside. Aloe being a succulent needs water to keep the leaves fleshy and juicy. AmaranthScientific name: Amaranthus spp.Medicinal valueIt is best to treat stomach flu, diarrhea, and gastroenteritis. This herb is also helpful in stopping menstruation and for contraception. It reduces tissue swelling caused due to sprains and tick bites when applied externally. It is advisable not to be used by pregnant or lactating women. Religious importanceAmaranth is associated with immortality and is used to decorate god and goddesses. It is also used to repair broken heart. Woven into a wreath, it is said to render the wearer invisible. Also used in pagan burial ceremonies. HabitatThis 1 to 5 feet tall annual has to be sown inside soil to grow. It is generally not picky about soil type, and tolerates heat and drought well. AngelicaScientific name: Angelica archangelicaMedicinal valueIt is a herbal tea that is used to treat colic, gas, indigestion, hepatitis, and heartburn. It is also a remedy for afflictions of the respiratory system, liver problems and digestive difficulties. This herb also promotes circulation and energy in the body, often stimulates circulation in the pelvic region and also stimulates suppressed menstruation. It is advisable not to be used by pregnant women or diabetics. Religious importanceIf grown in garden it is believe this herb protects the garden and home. The leave is burnt to banish evil and root is used as protective amulet. It is also used to lengthen life and for protection against diseases and spirits. Adding it to a ritual bath will break spells and hexes. HabitatThis plant needs shade partially, rich and moist soil, wet bottomland, swamps and cool temperature grow. It grows to a 6 feet tall perennial. AniseScientific name: Pimpinellaa anisumMedicinal valueLike angelica this herb is good for the treatment of colic, gas, and indigestion. It is a trusted remedy for cough being the mildest of the herbs used for these purposes. Religious importanceIt is believed that if anise is blended with bay leaves it provide an excellent bath additive prior to ritual. Anise grown around the home keeps off evil and is it is placed in the sleeping pillow at night it chases away nightmares. Also in most parts of the world anise seed head is hanged on the bed pot to restore youth. HabitatIt prefers warm, sunny, rich sandy soil and well-drained areas. North America has an abundance of this annual plant with the height of 1-2 feet. It needs 120 days to produce fully ripened seed heads. AppleScientific name: Pyrus spp.Medicinal valueIt is used to treat constipation, lower cholesterol level, cures heart diseases and prevents infection if rubbed after crushing apple leaves on fresh wound. Religious importanceIt is used as a healing incense and an offering on samhain to the dead, since it is a symbol of immortality. Apple blossoms are used in love as well as gift for everlasting love. Apple wood is used to make magical wands. HabitatThe climatic conditions of North America are best suited for the growth of apple. A cool climate is just perfect for its growth. AstragalusScientific name: Astragalus membranaceousMedicinal valueThis herb strengthens metabolism and digestion, raises metabolism, aids in strengthening the immune system and is used in the healing of wounds and injuries. Apocynum (Black Indian Hemp)Scientific name: Apocynum cannabinum L. or A. androsaemifolium L.Medicinal valueIt is used to treat congestive heart failure as it contains cardio- active glycosides This herb doesn't have an edge over digitalis and hence is not advisable to be used by any human. HabitatThis perennial herb grows up to five feet tall in the climate of North America that is best suited for them. ArnicaScientific names: Arnica spp.Medicinal valueIf used externally this herb reduces inflammation and pain of bruises, aches, and sprains. While usage it must be kept in mind that internal application of this herb has a toxic effect on the heart and causes very high blood pressure. HabitatThe climate of meadows and mountainous regions of Europe and western North America is appropriate for the growth of this herb.

Medicinal valueIt is an astringent used to treat diarrhea and ease gum, mouth and throat irritation. A blend or tea of these leaves can be either drunk or used as a gargle or mouthwash. It is also an effective treatment for mucous membrane irritation and diarrhea but overdosing may cause excessive irritation of the stomach. HabitatIt is three feet in height and is widely cultivated in herb gardens and is native to the cleared meadows of Europe. BroomScienitfic name: Cytisus scoparius (L.) LinkMeidicnal value It has abundantly used as an alternative to marijuana, which has negative effects. It has an action of a diuretic but is not advisable to use it as a diuretic also. HabitatThe bets suited climate is of the Atlantic coast and the Pacific Northwest. BilberriesScientific name: Vaccinium myrtillus L. Medicinal valueIt is a food supplement and increases the visual acuity apart from preventing glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration. HabitatThe herb height varies form six to twenty-four inches high, bear small, egg-shaped leaves with serrated margins and small, rosy flowers tinged with green. The hilly districts of Great Britain, northern Europe, and Asia have appropriate climate. Birch LeavesScintific names: Betula verrucosa Erh. or B. pubescens Erh.Medicinal valueThis herb is taken with a lot of water along. They act as a mild diuretic and are used for the treatment of kidney and urinary tract infections. HabitatThe colder parts of the Northern Hemisphere have plenty of growth of this herb. Also the Arctic and Alpine region have this herbs. BloodrootScientific name: Sanguinaria canadensis L. Medicinal valueIt is bets to use as a mouthwash as it helps reducing plaque cavities. HabitatEastern and Midwestern North America deciduous woodlands have this herb bloomed in spring season. BasilScientific name: Ocimum basilicumMedicinal valueThis herb is bets of the treatment of stomach cramps, vomiting, fevers, colds, flu, headaches, whooping cough, and menstrual pains. Furthermore, it reduces stomach acid and contributes to the cure of ulcers. To withdraw poison of insect bite from the body this herb is used externally. The herb is known for eliminating worms from the intestines and when applied in oil form to treat skin acne. Religious importanceIt is believed that basil is a protection against evil and negativity and helps in attracting and keeping love. Purification baths and in wealth and prosperity rituals basil is used. People believe that carrying a basil leaf in pocket brings wealth and if sprinkled over the spouse while sleeping, it removes infidelity from marriage. HabitatWell drained, rich soil and complete sun are the essentials for the growth of basil. Parts of North America have the perfect climate for this annual having a height of 2-3 feet. Pinch off the tips to promote bushiness and flower buds to maintain growth. BayberryScientific name: Myrica ceriferaMedicinal valueThis herb, strengthens blood vessels, increases circulation and also augments the vitality of the total body systems. Even vaginal infections can be cured by tea of Bayberry that stands good for gargle, sore throat and tonsillitis. Religious importanceIt is believe that oil of bayberry brings prosperity and luck. Bay LaurelScientific name: Laurus nobilisReligious importanceIt is believed that if this leaf is burned it will enhance psychic powers and produce visions. Moreover if worn in an amulet will provide protection from evil and negativity. People say that any wish written on bay leaf comes true.. BergamotScientific name: Monarda citriodoraMedicinal valueThis herb also known as Oswego tea and Bee Balm is good for the treatment of nausea, vomiting, cold and flu. If used in oil form is an effective treatment for acne, coughs, fevers, tension, stress, and depression. Religious importanceIt is believed that this herb is used in the rituals and spells for money and success. HabitatHaving all the characteristics of mint this herb of 2 feet tall height can be grown in pot or ground same way as mint and is a member of the mint family, so grow it as you would a mint. BistortScientific name: Polygonum bistortaMedicinal valueFor the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery the herb is boiled and drunk several times a day. It also acts as a dressing for cuts and wounds when mixed with echinacea, myrrh, and golden seal. Religious importanceIt is believed that an amulet fashioned of the root of Bistort is carried to fulfill the wish of conceiving. HabitatIt needs damp soil as of Europe. It is a perennial that reaches up to 30 inches tall. BlackberryScientific name: Rubus villosusMedicinal valueIt is an infusion of leaves that is good for the treatment of diarrhea and sore throat. It is often used as syrup prepared form the root. Religious importanceIt is believed that Blackberry leaves are used for money spells. HabitatFertile soil, full sun, no soggy soil and very good air circulation are the requirement for the growth of this plant. It is advisable not to grow this plant near other plants to avoid transferring diseases to the young vines. Black CohoshScientific name: Cimcifuga racemosaMedicinal valueFor the treatment of arthritis this herb is used a lot as it improves blood circulation. This herb is often used to cure delayed and painful menstruation besides being used as a conjunction with other herbs in treating menopause symptoms. It is advisable not to be used during pregnancy. Black Cohosh can be poisonous in large doses. Religious importanceIt is believed that if Black Cohosh leaves are laid around a room they drive away bugs and negativity. HabitatWindy Habitat, good soil, and partial shade is necessary for the growth of Black Cohosh. Georgia and Far West as Missouri areas are appropriate for the growth of this perennial, which reaches 3 - 8 feet tall. Blessed ThistleScientific name: Cnicus benedictusMedicinal valueIt is useful in strengthening heart and in all remedies for lung, kidney, and liver problems and also as a brain food for stimulating the memory. During menopause and for menstrual cramping and often for lactating women to stimulate blood flow to the mammary glands and increases the flow of milk, this herb is advised by ayurveda. HabitatAlong roadside or wasteland are the appropriate its growth. It is an annual and reaches to 2 feet tall. Blue CohoshScientific name: Caulophylum thalictroidesMedicinal valueTo regulate menstrual flow and suppressed menstruation this herb is used. This herb is also used to induce labor, also during childbirth to ease the pain and difficulty that accompany birthing, This herb should not be taken during pregnancy. HabitatMoist woodlands of southern Canada types are appropriate for its growth. The berry of this plant is poisonous and the plant itself can irritate the skin. The root is the part used in herbal medicine. BonesetScientific name: Eupatorium perfoliatumMedicinal valueThis herb is used for treating severe fevers, flu and catarrh conditions. Religious importanceIt is believed that an infusion sprinkled around the house drives away evil spirits and negativity. HabitatBoneset prefers damp to moist rich soils. It is a North American native perennial that reaches 2 to 4 feet high, and grows in partial sun. BorageScientific name: Borago officinalisMedicinal valueThis herb is used for treating bronchitis, rashes and to increase mother's milk. Religious importanceIt is believed that carrying fresh blossoms brings courage and its tea induces psychic powers. HabitatThe climate of Europe is perfect for its growth. This herb is an annual that grows in most soils, tolerates dry spells, and prefers full sun and reaching to 2 feet in height. BurdockScientific name: Arctium lappaMedicinal valueThis herb is used for the treatment of skin diseases, boils, fevers, inflammations, hepatitis, swollen glands, some cancers and fluid retention. It is an excellent blood purifier and its tea is used for indigestion. Helps clear persistent teenage acne if taken for three to four weeks. Religious importanceIt is believed that this herb is used for kicking off all sorts of negativity .

Medicinal valueThis herb is used for aiding digestion, promoting menses, increasing mother's milk and to add to cough remedies as an expectorant. Religious importanceIt is believed that caraway is used as an amulet for protection, it promotes memory and guards against apart promoting lust when baked into breads, cookies, or cakes. HabitatThe meadows, woods and rocky areas with rich soil are perfect for the growth of this plant. Areas of Europe, Asia, Africa and North America are appropriate regions for proper growth of this biennial that reaches 1 1/2 - 2 feet high. Cascara SagradaScientific name: Rhamnus purshiana Medicinal valueThis herb is used treating chronic constipation, stimulating digestive system and is safe as a laxative. It is used for treating intestinal gas, liver and gall bladder complaints and enlarged liver also. Religious importanceIt is believed that this herb if sprinkled around the home before going to court it helps to win the case and is also used in money spells and in repelling evil and hexes. HabitatCascara Sagrada is a tree that is native to the Pacific Northwest regions of North America. CatnipScientific name: Nepeta cataria Medicinal valueFor home remedies for colds, flu, fevers, upset stomach and insomnia, particularly good for children with upset stomachs in a very mild infusion this herb is a very effective medicine. Religious importanceIt is believed that the large leaves, well dried are used to mark pages in magical books. They are also used in conjunction with rose petals in love sachets to create a psychic bond between you and your cat. HabitatMoist soils like the one throughout North America is appropriate for the growth of this perennial reaching to 3 feet high. Cat's ClawScientific name: Uncaria tomentosa Medicinal valueThis herb is also known as una de gato and is used for the treatment of arthritis, gastritis, tumors, dysentery, female hormonal imbalances, viral infections. This herb should not be taken by those who have received an organ transplant or by pregnant or nursing women. CayenneScientific name: Capsicum spp. Medicinal valueFor herbal use, the peppers are usually ground into a powder and mixed with other powdered herbs in capsules. This herb is used for all sorts of arthritis and muscle aches and it also benefits heart and circulation when taken alone or added to other remedies. This herb normalizes blood pressure and is good for ulcer. It is used in antibiotic combinations, for menstrual cramps and as a part of treatment for depression. Religious importanceIt is believed that Cayenne pepper scattered around your house breaks bad spells. Adding it to love powders will ensure that your love will be spicy, and can inflame the loved one with passion. HabitatGood, rich soil, plenty of water and full sun are perfect for this herb's growth. The peppers are dried after ripening. CedarScientific name: Cedrus spp. Religious importanceIt is believed that this herb is used in rituals to attracts money and is also used in purification and healing. It is a symbol of power and longevity. If this herb is hung in home it protects against lightning. Juniper can be used in place of cedar. HabitatThroughout the world a variety of cedars grow and hence each variety has a typical type of climate that suits its growth. ChamomileScientific name: Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile), Anthemus nobilis (Roman chamomile) Medicinal valueThis herb is used as tea for nerves and menstrual cramps. The tea is also useful for babies and small children with colds and stomach troubles. For inducing sleep in insomniac conditions and wash sore eyes and open sores this herb is advised. Religious importanceIt is believed that this herb attracts money and if added to incense produces relaxed state for better meditation. If it is added to a ritual bath it is said to attract love. HabitatChamomile is an annual that adapts to most soils, likes lots of water and full sun. It grows up to 20 inches tall. ChickweedScientific name: Stellaria media Medicinal valueThis herb is an excellent source of many B vitamins and various minerals and thus is used to treat bronchitis, pleurisy, coughs, colds and as a blood builder. Externally it is good for skin diseases, and the tea added to the bath is good for soothing skin irritations and rashes. Religious importanceIt is believed that if this herb is carried or used in spells it attracts love and maintains relationship. HabitatThis annual herb grows throughout temperate areas of North America and Europe as it prefers full sun, average to poor soils and infrequent watering. CinnamonScientific name: Cinnamomum zeylanicum Medicinal valueThis herb is used for acute symptoms, as this herb is a stimulant to other herbs and the body, enabling herbal remedies to work faster. It is a blood purifier and an prevents infections. . Religious importanceIt is believed that if this herb is burned in incense, cinnamon will promote high spirituality. It is also used to stimulate the passions of the male. Clover RedScientific name: Trifolium pratense Medicinal valueThis herb is used as a nerve tonic, as a sedative for exhaustion, to strengthen children with weak systems and is used with children for coughs, bronchitis, wheezing, as it is mild to their systems. In combination with other drugs it is used for the treatment of cancer and for skin eruptions (acne). Religious importanceIt is believed that this herb brings luck, prosperity and health. Carrying a three-leaf clover gives you protection and if worn over the right breast it will bring you success in all undertakings. HabitatClover being an excellent cover crop is planted in fallow areas and turned under in the fall, it makes an excellent fertilizer for poor soils. ClovesScientific name: Eugenia caryophyllata Medicinal valueThis herb stops toothache when it is applied directly to the cavity as oil. It is very useful with people who have cold extremities. Cloves promote sweating with fevers, colds, and flu and are often used in remedies for whooping cough. Cloves are also safe and effective for relieving vomiting during pregnancy. Religious importanceIt is believed that Clove worn in an amulet drives away negativity and hostility and stop gossip. It is often carried to stimulate the memory and can be added to attraction sachets. It is placed in sachets with mint and rose to chase away melancholy and to help one sleep soundly. ColtsfootScientific name: Tussilago farfara Medicinal valueThis herb is used to treat respiratory problems and acts as a soother for the stomach and intestines. A combination of horehound, ginger, licorice root and Coltsfoot soothes throat when used as a cough syrup. Religious importanceIt is believed that this herb is added to love sachets and is used in spells for peace and tranquility. HabitatThis herb prefers damp, clay soil along with partial sun. height ranging from 5 to 18 inches this herb is a perennial. ComfreyScientific name: Symphytum officinale Medicinal valueBesides being a healer for wounds, burn, sores and bruises when applied as an ointment Comfrey is an effective remedy for coughs, ulcers, healing broken bones, sprains and asthma. It must be kept in mind that large dosages can cause liver damage and if used externally it should be used as tea rather than capsules. Religious importanceIt is believed that Comfrey ensures safe travelling and if put in some luggage it prevents it from being stolen and brings good luck to the carrier. HabitatWell-drained soils and partial shade are the requirements of this 3 feet high perennial that has its growth from Canada to Georgia and Far West as Missouri, in the wild. CornflowerScientific name: Centaurea cyanus Medicinal valueThe juice of the stem of this herb treats wounds and cuts. Religious importanceIt is believed that Cornflower promotes and enhances psychic sight and normal sight as well. HabitatThis 2 feet tall, annual herb is adaptable to many types of soils and climatic conditions. Cramp BarkScientific name: Viburnum opulus Medicinal valueThis herb is mainly used for treating feminine problems like aiding menstrual cramps, after birth, preventing miscarriages and internal hemorrhages and is used as an uterine sedative also.

Medicinal value This herb regulates the female cycle of menstruation, stimulates sexual appetite and is good for urinary problems, nervousness and hypertension. Religious importance It is believed that the infusion of this herb incites lust and produces vision when burned. DandelionScientific name: Taraxum officinale Medicinal value This herb is good for proper functioning of liver as it clears obstructions (such as stones) and detoxifies poisons that gather in liver, spleen and gall bladder. This herb finds its utility in treating premenstrual syndrome, as a diuretic, to reduce cholesterol and uric acid and to clear skin eruptions when used both internally and externally. Religious importance It is believed that it is the sign of rain when a ripened dandelion falls. The seeds of this herb are also considered as carriers that carry thoughts to a loved one, near or far. Habitat Areas that are effected by chemicals like roadside are not appropriate for the growth of this herb. This herb can be grown in clean environment of personal yards and gardens. DillScientific name: Anethum graveolens Medicinal value Dill is an herb effective for the treatment of colic, gas, and indigestion. Religious importance It is believed that burned dried seeds of this herb protects home and a bath with one drop of this herb in water makes being loved irresistible and hence is used in love and protection sachets. Habitat The climate, frequent watering and well-drained soil of North America is perfect for the proper growth of this annual 2 - 3 feet tall herb.Dong QuaiScientific name: Angelica sinensis Medicinal value Being a uterine tonic and hormonal regulator this herb is an effective herb for female reproductive system. And is often used in premenstrual syndrome formulas as well as menopausal formulas. Dragon's BloodScientific name: Daemonorops draco Medicinal value This herb's resin has an external use as a healer and to stop bleeding apart from being used internally for chest pains, post-partum bleeding, internal traumas, and menstrual irregularities. Religious importance It is believed that this herb is used in love sachets and incenses to bring back love and increase the potency of other herbs.

Medicinal value This herb is used as a natural antibiotic and immune system stimulator, helping to build resistance to colds, flu and infections. It increases the production of white blood cells, and improves the lymph glands. The tea from this herb should be used in all infections and has been used in treating skin cancers and other cancers. Religious importance It is believed that Echinacea is used as an offering to the spirits or gods and goddesses to strengthen a spell or ritual. Habitat This herb for its growth prefers the prairies, open and dry places. It easily adapts to most soils and grows in full sun. The area of North America is perfect for the growth of this perennial that reaches to about 2 feet tall. Elder Scientific name: Sambucus nigra Medicinal value This herb is an internal cleanser when fighting flu and colds. Acne can also be treated with this herb when taken as a tea Elder flower oil is a remedy for chapped skin and is also used to cleanse the body, build the blood, treat inflammation, fever and soothe the respiratory system. Being an antiseptic it heals external wounds and is also used as an insect repellant. Fresh Elder's stem has cyanide and hence should not be used internally by pregnant or lactating women. Religious importance It is believed that if this herb is scattered in all wind directions it brings protection, can be used for magical wands for ritual. In Denmark, it is believed to be unlucky to have furniture made of elder wood. It is used at weddings to bring good luck to the newlyweds. Habitat With a height up to 30 feet, this shrub prefers moist areas throughout North America. Elecampane Scientific name: Inula helenium Medicinal value This herb is an effective remedy for treating intestinal worms, water retention and to lessen tooth decay and firm the gums. This herb can be externally used for washing wounds and itching rashes. It is burned to repel insects. Religious importance It is believed that this herb adds to love charms and amulets of all kinds. Habitat The mushy and damp soil of roadsides and pastures is appropriate for the growth of this perennial that grows 3 - 6 feet tall. Eucalyptus Scientific name: Eucalyptus globulus Medicinal value This herb has antiseptic values when used as an oil and is used to treat pyorrhea (gum disease) and prevent infections after burning. The oil and steam of leaves if breathed in will help clear the sinuses. When mixed with water or vegetable oils, it makes a good insect repellant. Religious importance It is believed that this herb has healing energies and a branch or wreath over the bed of a sick person helps spread the healing energies and its oil if added to healing baths, and for purification. Habitat Capable of reaching heights till 250 feet this is among one of the tallest trees of the world with the adaptability to several soil conditions this thrives only in areas where the average temperature remains above 60 degrees Evening Primrose Scientific name: Oenothera biennis Medicinal value This herb's oil stimulates to help with liver and spleen conditions. Even Multiple Sclerosis, low blood pressure, pain of angina can be cured by it besides being an element to slow the production of cholesterol. It is a valuable part of an herbal remedy for treating the symptoms of pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) and menstrual cramping. Habitat The American variety found throughout North America prefers dry soils and full sun. It is a biennial, and grows 3 - 6 feet tall. Eyebright Scientific name: Euphrasia officinalis Medicinal value This herb stimulates the liver to remove toxins from the body and can be used externally and internally to treat eye infections and afflictions such as pink- eye. The herb strengthens the eye, and helps to repair damage. Religious importance It is believed that Eyebright is used to make a simple tea to rub on the eyelids to induce and enhance clairvoyant visions. Habitat Being adaptable to many types of soil Eyebright needs full sun for proper growth. It is a small annual that has a maximum height of 2 - 8 inches.

Medicinal value This herb is used sooths very delicate stomach and stimulates the reproductive organs in women and men. This herb is very important for use during menopause, due to its positive effects on uterine disorders, headaches and depression. Habitat False Unicorn grows primarily in very moist areas and partially shady areas of North America. FennelScientific name: Foeniculum vulgare Medicinal value This herb is used as a sedative for kids. It also improves digestion, cures cough and takes away appetite. It is used for cancer patients after radiation and chemotherapy treatments and enriches the flow of milk for lactating women. Religious importance It is believed that fennel is used for scenting soaps and perfumes to ward off negativity and evil. Habitat Dry, sunny climate and average poor soil is appropriate for the growth of this perennial that can reach 4 - 6 feet high. FenugreekScientific name: Trigonella foenum-graecum Medicinal value This herb is used to soften and expel mucous whereas its antiseptic properties kill infections in the lungs. It helps reducing fever when taken with lemon and honey and also nourishes the body during illness. It is used to relax the uterus and can be taken by pregnant women. Religious importance It is believed that this herb's seeds when added to mop water to clean house floors it brings money. Habitat Dry, moderately fertile soil and sunny location is all that is needed by this annual for a growth of 1 - 3 feet. FeverfewScientific name: Tanacetum parthenium Medicinal value This herb is used for the treatment of cold, fever, flu, digestive problem, to end migraines and other headaches. Religious importance It is believed that Feverfew is carried for protection against illnesses involving fever as well as for preventing accidents. Habitat This biennial or perennial herb for its growth of 2 1/2 feet requires all dry places, poor soil and full sunFlaxScientific name: Linum usitatissimum Medicinal value This herb is used for maintaining cardiovascular health, to help in menopause and as a mild laxative, apart from being used in seed form for the treatment of cancer. The oil helps slow the kidney disease that accompanies lupus. Religious importance It is believed that this herb is used for healing spells and rituals and to attract money and wealth. Habitat The climate of North America is perfect for the growth of Flax, an annual that grows to 3 feet high and is adaptable to many soils and conditions. FrankincenseScientific name: Boswellia carterii Medicinal value This herb relieves menstrual pains, rheumatic aches and pains. Externally it is used for liniments and for its antiseptic properties. Religious importance It is believed that if Frankincense is burned, it raises vibrations, purifies and exorcise to aid meditations and visions. The essential oil is used to anoint magical tools, altars, etc.

Medicinal value This herb is used to cure insomnia, prevent miscarriage, heart ailments, strengthening muscles, prevent arteriosclerosis, angina, poor heart action and for treating nervousness. Religious importance It is believed that the leaves are used to make protection sachets that if carried ensure good fishing. It is incorporated into spells and rituals for fertility and for protecting home from damaging storms. Habitat With a height reach of 40 feet this herb grows throughout North America and is tolerant to most soils but prefers alkaline, rich, moist loam. Hazel Scientific name: Coylus spp. Religious importance It is believed that the branches of this herb are used for divining and the wood makes wonderful wands. Hazelnuts if hung in the house bring luck and can be carried to cause fertility. Habitat For proper growth the Hazelnut trees should be planted in a well-drained, fertile, and slightly acid soil in any place with temperature below -10. Heather Scientific name: Calluna spp. Medicinal value This herb when made to tea suppresses cough and aids sleeplessness. Religious importance It is believed that heather if carried guards against rape and violent crime and if burned with fern it brings rain. Habitat This evergreen shrub with 1- 2 feet height prefers rocky or sandy soils and full sun for proper growth. Henbane Scientific name: Hyosycamus niger Medicinal value This herb is used to stop pain, lessens perspiration. As it is very toxic it is not advisable for use by pregnant women or weak children and must be taken in extremely small amounts for external use only and not on a regular basis. Religious importance It is believed that this herb if thrown into the water to bring rains. Habitat Due to the toxic nature it is not grown in home gardens but the climate and conditions throughout North America is perfect for its growth. Holly Scientific name: Ilex spp. Religious importance It is believed that holly is used as a protective plant and is used as decoration during the Yule season. It is said that if holly water is sprinkled on newborn babies it protects them. Habitat Sandy soil as well as acidic soil with full sun are just appropriate conditions for the growth of this 4 feet tall herb. Hops Scientific name: Humulus lupulus Medicinal value This herb is a sedative used for treating insomnia, coughs, bladder ailments, liver ailments and nervous tension. It is used in brewing beer and ales. Externally it is used to treat itching skin rashes and hives and it also removes poisons from the body. Religious importance It is believed that Hops is used in healing incenses and if included in sleep pillows it induces sleep and pleasant dreams. Habitat This herb is adaptable to many types of soil, prefers full sun and being a perennial has growth of 30 feet in height. Horehound Scientific name: Marrubium vulgare Medicinal value This herb is used as a home remedy for children's cough and as a tonic for the respiratory system and stomach. In large doses it acts as a laxative. Religious importance It is believed that this herb is used in incenses for protection and in exorcisms. Habitat Dry sandy soil and full sun and full sun is good for the growth of this perennial (except in very cold climates) that reaches to 3 feet tall and needs little water, tolerates poor soils and blooms during its second year. Horseradish Scientific name: Armoracia lapathifolia Medicinal value Herb oil is used to massage away muscular aches and help loosen chest congestion. It can be used to warm a cold body, and to clear up drippy sinuses. Religious importance It is believed that Horseradish is part of the Jewish Passover ritual and it repels evil around the home and property. Habitat By the second year this perennial plant grows to a height of 2- 3 feet throughout the world. Horsetail Scientific name: Equisetum arvense Medicinal value This herb is used for treating urinary tract infections, aid in coagulation, decrease bleeding, help broken bones heal faster, help brittle nails and hair and treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. When the plant boiled in water it makes an effective foot soak for tired feet and for the treatment of athlete's foot. It is advised to be not used by pregnant or nursing. Religious importance It is believed that whistles made from the stalks of Horsetail are used to call the spirits. Habitat Swamp and damp soils with full sun to partial shade are perfect for normal growth of this herb with a height of 1 - 2 feet. Hyssop Scientific name: Hysoppus officinalis Medicinal value This herb is used for treating lung ailments, aid in healing of wounds, soothe sore throats and inhibit the growth of the herpes simplex virus. Religious importance It is believed that Hyssop is used in purification baths and rituals and is used to cleanse persons and objects. Habitat This herb prefers dry conditions, tolerates most soils and full sun. It is a perennial shrubby plant growing to 3 feet tall and belongs to the mint family.

Medicinal value This herb is used to cure all kinds of chest ailments and nourish the weak, elderly and weak children. Habitat This herb prefers cold, humid mountain areas and wood lands and has a height of 4 inches. Ivy Scientific name: Hedera spp. Medicinal value This herb is used as an effective remedy for treating sores, ulcers and other skin eruptions externally. Religious importance It is believed that if Ivy is grown outside the home it acts as a guardian and protector and if worn by brides it brings luck to the marriage. Habitat This herb is found all throughout North America and can adapt to different types of soils.

Medicinal valueThis herb is used for treating insomnia, nervousness, relieving stress after injury, for pains associated with nerve and skin diseases. Large doses can create a toxic substance in the liver. Religious importanceIt is believed that the tea of kava kava is drunk to offer protection against evil and to invite good luck. HabitatThis plant is found in the South Pacific tropical islands and has a height of 8 to 20 feet.KelpScientific name: Fucus versiculosus Medicinal valueThis herb strengthens and promotes the glands, controls the thyroid and regulates metabolism. It is a terrific boost for pregnancy and good for child's development. HabitatBest found in stores as this is a sea weed that grows in the ocean.

Medicinal valueQueen Anne's Lace is used for treating gallstones, kidney stones, water retention, strains and sprains. It is also called Wild Carrot.HabitatQueen Anne's Lace is found throughout most of North America. It is a biennial that grows to 3 feet tall.